A few nice Storm Damage Contractor images I found:
The Blue Pacific
Image by A.Davey
From the main campground at Cape Disappointment State Park you can see Cape Disappointment Lighthouse to the southeast and North Head Lighthouse to the north. How did two lighthouses end up so close together?
After Cape Disappointment Lightstation was established in 1856 to mark the entrance to the Columbia River, mariners approaching the river from the north complained they could not see the light until they had nearly reached the river. Their cry for an additional lighthouse was supported by the many shipwrecks that occurred along the Long Beach Peninsula, just north of the cape.
North Head Lighthouse with attached workroom
Photograph courtesy U.S. Coast Guard
In 1889, the Lighthouse Board threw their support behind a new lighthouse at North Head, writing:
The present light at Cape Disappointment is inadequate for the purposes of commerce and navigation. It is believed that if North Head is marked by a first-order light, and the proposed lightstations at Gray’s Harbor and Destruction Island are completed, that the Pacific coast will be well supplied with lights of the first order from Cape Flattery to Tillamook Rock. Proper measures should be taken for the establishment of a first-order light at North Head. This, it is estimated, will cost ,000. …When this light is established, the first-order light at Cape Disappointment will no longer be necessary, and it is proposed to then reduce it to a light of the fourth-order. It will then be of sufficient power to benefit vessels close to the bar outside and vessels in the Columbia River.
On February 15, 1893, Congress authorized the construction of a lighthouse on North Head at a cost not exceeding ,000, and it then provided the first ,000 on August 18, 1894, and the additional ,000 on March 2, 1895. Bids for constructing a wagon road to the construction site from the target grounds at nearby Fort Canby were opened on July 15, 1895, but as the lowest bid greatly exceeded the estimate, the road was built by hired labor with materials purchased on the open market.
Separate contracts were awarded in September 1896 for providing the tower’s metalwork and for constructing the station’s building. The metalwork was to be delivered to the wharf at Fort Canby by February 23, 1897, but it didn’t arrive until August 15, 1897, 173 days late. As a penalty for the delay, the contractor was fined ,325 or 0 more than the value of the contract.
George Langford, the contractor responsible for the station’s structures, completed the dwellings, barn, and as much of the tower and two oil houses as possible without the metalwork by the spring of 1897. After the metalwork arrived, Langford finished his work on November 15, 1897.
Designed by Carl W. Leick, North Head Lighthouse consists of brick masonry built atop a sandstone foundation and finished with a cement plaster overlay. Sixty-nine steps lead to the lantern room, which is sixty-five feet from the ground and 194 feet above sea level. The first-order, Louis Sautter & Co. Fresnel lens, which was transferred from Cape Disappointment Lighthouse, was lit for the first time on May 16, 1898.
Since North Head is only two miles north of Cape Disappointment, the two lights needed distinct signatures. A fixed-white characteristic was chosen for North Head, while Cape Disappointment displayed alternating red and white flashes.
Alexander K. Pesonen, who had been serving as head keeper at Tillamook Rock Lighthouse, was transferred to North Head to be its first keeper. Keeper Pesonen was born in Finland in 1859, and immigrated to the United States in 1876. Pesonen was awarded the lighthouse efficiency flag for having the model station in the district in 1919.
Freed from the isolation of Tillamook Rock, Pesonen married Mary Watson in 1890, two years after arriving at North Head. In the spring of 1923, Keeper Pesonen took his wife to a doctor in Portland, Oregon, where she was diagnosed with “melancholia,” a condition marked by persistent depression and ill-founded fears. The couple returned to North Head on June 8, and the following morning, Mary arose early and went for a walk with her dog Jerry.
Aerial view of station in 1957. Note weather station between lighthouse and keeper’s dwellings.
Photograph courtesy U.S. Coast Guard
The dog returned a short while later, and its “queer antics” alerted Keeper Pesonen that something was wrong. The local paper explained what happened next:
He notified the boys at the radio station and also at the weather bureau, and a searching party was soon organized. The dog led searchers to a spot just under the fire control station near the North Head Lighthouse, and there they found her coat lying on the edge of the cliff. A trail through the tall grass, as though someone had slid down the cliff, was mute evidence of what had befalled the unfortunate woman.
At extreme personal risk, Second Assistant Keeper Frank C. Hammond recovered Mary’s body from the base of the cliff before the tide could carry it out to sea. Mary Pesonen was buried in Ilwaco, and when Alexander passed away two years later, not long after retiring, he was interred next to his wife.
Mary had become a member of the “Unity” movement, known for faith-based healings, a few years before her death, and the night before she slipped down the cliff, she wrote a letter which included: “I see where I have been wrong in a great many ways but please God I will try and change and do better…I’m even going to try and do without my medicine and just pray I’ll get better and better.”
Mabel Bretherton, the only female keeper at North Head, was transferred to the lighthouse from Cape Blanco in 1905, retaining her position as a second assistant keeper. Mabel had been married to Bernard J. Bretherton, who served as an assistant at Coquille River Lighthouse until his death in February 1903 of tuberculosis. The Lighthouse Service often offered employment to the widows of keepers to help them support their families, and such was likely the case with Mabel, as in 1903 she had three children under ten. Mabel left lightkeeping in 1907, and by 1910 she was working as the superintendent of a Women’s Exchange in Portland.
On at least two occasions, keepers at North Head had to rescue people who got too close to the edge of the cliffs. On September 7, 1931, First Assistant Keeper Clayborn R. Williams rescued a man who was hanging to a cliff south of the station and was in imminent danger of falling seventy-five feet to the sea below. Three years later, Keeper Andros G. Siniluoto rescued a man who had survived a 100-foot fall from the cliffs to the rocks below.
North Head is one of the windiest places in the United States, with wind velocities in excess of 100 mph being frequently measured. The U.S. Weather Bureau built a station on North Head between the lighthouse and keeper’s dwellings in 1902. On January 29, 1921, winds were clocked at 126 mph before the measuring instrument blew away. Fearing for their safety, the weather observers sought refuge in the keeper’s dwellings as they were more sturdily built. The weather station closed in 1955, and the buildings were later demolished.
The U.S. Army ran a signal station at North Head during the first part of the twentieth century to communicate weather observations to passing vessels as well as to the batteries at Fort Canby. Residences for the personnel were located north of the keeper’s dwellings, while the operations building was situated between the keeper’s dwellings and the weather station. The cement patch just west of the head keeper’s residence is what remains of a tennis court built by the Signal Corps.
On April 19, 1932, a wild duck went crashing through one of the storm panes in the lantern room, causing slight damage to the lens. Wire nets had been placed around lantern rooms at other stations to prevent such occurrences, but incidents of this sort rarely occurred at North Head.
A fourth-order lens replaced the original first-order lens in 1937, two years after electricity came to the station. Five years later, on June 22, 1942 at 12:35 a.m., the keeper was ordered to turn off the light. Fort Stevens, Oregon had just been fired upon by a Japanese submarine, and as part of a strategy to keep the location of Fort Stevens and Fort Canby hidden, the surrounding lighthouses were darkened until the danger was over.
In 1950, two revolving aerobeacons replaced the fourth-order lens. The light was automated in 1961 when photoelectric cells were installed to turn the light on and off, and the last keeper left on July 1, 1961.
With the keepers gone, the lighthouse began to deteriorate. Fortunately, the Coast Guard restored the lighthouse in 1984, allowing the tower to be opened to the public under the direction of Cape Disappointment State Park. The keeper’s dwellings, located about a half-mile into the woods from the tower have also been restored, and since 2000, both the keeper’s duplex and the single-family dwelling have been available for overnight stays. Prior to this, the housing was used for park rangers.
Two of the Fresnel lenses used at North Head Lighthouse have been preserved. The first-order lens, which was on display outside the lighthouse in 1951, can now be seen at the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center inside Cape Disappointment State Park, and the fourth-order lens is housed at the Columbia River Maritime Museum in Astoria, Oregon. The two aerobeacons remained in the lantern room until September 28, 1992, when a modern beacon was mounted on the top railing outside the lantern room. A Vega rotating beacon, lit by a twelve-volt bulb that is on a six-bulb appliance that rotates in a new bulb when one burns out, was installed back inside the lantern room in December 1996.
Congress approved the transfer of North Head Lighthouse to the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission in 1983, but the area around the tower was known to be contaminated due to the use of lead-based paint, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) requires that “any federal agency transferring real property out of federal ownership must certify that all remedial action necessary to protect human health and the environment has been taken.” As cleaning up the property was not a high priority for the Coast Guard, the transfer was postponed.
On October 17, 2011, White Shield, Inc., under a contract with the Coast Guard, initiated the cleanup of the contaminated soil surrounding the lighthouse. Title to the lighthouse was finally transferred in October 2012 to Washington State Parks, who in conjunction with the Keepers of North Head Lighthouse soon began some of the roughly million in repairs the lighthouse required. The Keepers of North Head Lighthouse have raised some funds through tours and merchandise sales, but plan to apply for Lighthouse Environmental Programs funds, which are raised through lighthouse license plate sales in the State of Washington. A celebration marking the transfer of the lighthouse was held in June 2013. The lantern room was restored in 2015, while the tower received much needed attention in 2016.
[Additional work was done from 2017 to 2019. The tower is again open to visitors.]
North Head is the most intact light station in the Pacific Northwest. All of its original buildings remaining standing, including the tower, two oil houses, two residences, a barn, chicken coop, and garages.
www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=116
https://www.twin-loc.fr Bassin d’Arcachon – Cabanes Tchanquées sur l’ïle aux oiseaux – Picture Image Photography
Image by www.twin-loc.fr
Les premières cabanes tchanquées étaient des cabines de bain posées sur l’eau avec un accès direct à la mer, comme l’établissement Daney de Gujan-Mestras au XIXe siècle. Les premières cabanes ostréicoles sur pilotis furent construites sur le port de Larros à Gujan-Mestras, on en trouvait également sur le port des Tuiles à Biganos.
Une des premières cabanes tchanquées de l’île aux oiseaux fut construite en 1883 au lieu-dit « Sourdouille » par l’ostréiculteur Martin Pibert pour surveiller ses parcs à huîtres. Une tempête la renversa en 1943, mais ses piliers en bois sont encore visibles à marée basse au ras du sable.
En 1945, une autorisation fut donnée à un charpentier-menuisier d’Arcachon de construire une « habitation de plaisance » non loin de l’emplacement de celle qui venait d’être détruite ; c’est une des cabanes que nous connaissons aujourd’hui. La seconde cabane tchanquée (no 53) fut construite sur le domaine public maritime (DPM) en 1948 par un entrepreneur en bâtiments, ancien maire-adjoint aux travaux, Julien Longau. Les successions sur le DPM n’étant pas autorisées, le Conservatoire du Littoral, à qui le site appartient, en a donné la totalité en gestion à la commune de La Teste-de-Buch, qui dispose d’une autorisation d’occupation temporaire (AOT) sur une des cabanes tchanquées.
La cabane no 53 très endommagée, attribuée à la ville de La Teste-de-Buch, a été démolie à l’automne 2007 puis reconstruite à l’identique (entreprise GTBA). Elle conserve son aspect extérieur et est entièrement reconstruite en bois. C’est un budget de près de 600 000 € que la commune de La Teste-de-Buch a engagé pour cette opération. La cabane ainsi restaurée est désormais un lieu de découverte de l’île aux Oiseaux.
The first huts on stilts were raised cabanas on the water with direct access to the sea, such as the establishment Daney Gujan-Mestras the nineteenth century. The first oyster huts on stilts were built on the port Larros Gujan-Mestras, we also found the port Tiles Biganos.
One of the first huts on stilts in bird island was built in 1883 at a place called "Sourdouille" by Martin oyster Pibert to monitor its oyster beds. A storm overturned it in 1943, but its wooden pillars are still visible at low tide close to the sand.
In 1945, permission was given to a carpenter Arcachon to build a "house of pleasure" not far from the location of one that had been destroyed; this is one of the huts that we know today. The second cabin tchanquée (No. 53) was built on the maritime public domain (DPM) in 1948 by a building contractor, a former deputy mayor to work, Julien Longau. Estates on the DPM is not authorized, the Conservatoire du Littoral, who the site belongs, has given the entire management in the municipality of La Teste-de-Buch, who has an authorization for temporary occupation (AOT) on one of the huts on stilts.
The cabin No. 53 severely damaged, attributed to the city of La Teste-de-Buch, was demolished in the fall of 2007 and rebuilt in the same (business BATF). It retains its appearance and was completely rebuilt in wood. It is a budget of nearly € 600,000 that the town of La Teste-de-Buch hired for this operation. The cabin restored and is now a place of discovery of Bird Island.
Las primeras chozas sobre pilotes se plantearon cabañas sobre el agua, con acceso directo al mar, tales como el establecimiento Daney Gujan-Mestras el siglo XIX. Las primeras chozas de ostras sobre pilotes fueron construidas en los puertos Larros Gujan-Mestras, también encontramos el puerto Azulejos Biganos.
Una de las primeras chozas sobre pilotes en isla de los pájaros fue construido en 1883 en un lugar llamado "Sourdouille", de Martin ostra Pibert para vigilar sus criaderos de ostras. Una tormenta volcó en 1943, pero sus pilares de madera son aún visibles durante la marea baja cerca de la arena.It boosts your endurance to perform better in bed. order levitra icks.org
En 1945, se dio permiso a un carpintero Arcachon para construir una "casa del placer" no muy lejos de la ubicación de uno que había sido destruido; esta es una de las cabañas que hoy conocemos. El segundo tchanquée cabina (N º 53) fue construido en el dominio público marítimo (DPM) en 1948 por un empresario de la construcción, un ex teniente de alcalde de trabajar, Julien Longau. Estates de la DPM no sea autorizada, el Conservatoire du Littoral, que pertenece al sitio, ha dado toda la gestión en el municipio de La Teste-de-Buch, que tiene una autorización de ocupación temporal (AOT) en una de las chozas sobre pilotes.
La cabina N º 53 severamente dañado, que se atribuye a la ciudad de La Teste-de-Buch, fue demolido en el otoño de 2007 y reconstruida en el mismo (BATF negocio). Conserva su aspecto y fue reconstruido totalmente en madera. Es un presupuesto de cerca de 600.000 € que el pueblo de La Teste-de-Buch contratado para esta operación. La cabaña restaurada y ahora es un lugar de descubrimiento de la Isla de los Pájaros.
高跷上的第一个小屋中提出小屋在水面上，可直接通往大海，如建立Daney居让梅斯特拉十九世纪。高跷上的第一个牡蛎小屋建在港口Larros居让梅斯特拉，我们还发现该端口瓷砖比加诺斯。
一个在鸟岛上高跷第一小屋是在一个叫“Sourdouille”的地方由马丁牡蛎Pibert监控其蚝田建于1883年。风暴推翻了1943年，但它的木柱仍然可见退潮接近沙子。
1945年，被许可给一个木匠阿尔卡雄建设不能从一个已被摧毁的位置远了“快乐的房子”;这就是我们今天所知道的小屋之一。第二个客舱tchanquée（第53号），由建筑承包商，前副市长工作，朱利安Longau建在海上公共领域（DPM）于1948年。在DPM屋没有被授权，在音乐学院杜濒海，谁的土地是属于，给了整个管理拉特斯特-DE-布赫，谁拥有临时占用授权的直辖市（AOT）在高跷上的小屋之一。
机舱第53号严重受损，归因于城市拉特斯特-DE-布赫，被拆毁了2007年秋季和重建在同一（业务BATF）。它保留其外观和木材被完全重建。这是近€600,000的预算拉特斯特-DE-布赫镇聘请进行此操作。机舱恢复，现在是一个地方发现鸟岛的。
Le bassin d’Arcachon (Laca d’Arcaishon en gascon) est une lagune mésotidale située dans les Landes de Gascogne, en Gironde, entre les villes de La Teste-de-Buch au sud, Lège-Cap-Ferret à l’ouest et le delta de la Leyre à l’est. Lui seul interrompt le cordon dunaire de 250 km de la Côte d’Argent, qui s’étend de l’estuaire de la Gironde au fleuve Adour. À la différence des grands lacs landais, il est largement ouvert sur l’océan Atlantique par l’intermédiaire des passes du bassin d’Arcachon et constitue une petite mer intérieure de 155 km² à marée haute et de 40 km² à marée basse. On y pratique l’ostréiculture, la pêche et la navigation de plaisance.
Le bassin d’Arcachon fait partie du Pays de Buch, il est situé au cœur des Landes de Gascogne, à mi-chemin entre la pointe de Grave et Capbreton, au sud-ouest du département de la Gironde à une cinquantaine de kilomètres de Bordeaux. Le bassin est de forme triangulaire, délimité par plus de 80 km de côtes plates ou dunaires boisées. Le pourtour du bassin commence, dans le sens trigonométrique (antihoraire) au Pyla-sur-Mer puis remonte au nord vers Arcachon oblique à l’est puis au sud et à nouveau à l’est au niveau de La Teste-de-Buch. Il remonte au nord-ouest au niveau du delta de la Leyre puis à partir de Lège descend au sud-ouest jusqu’au Cap-Ferret, en face du Pyla-sur-Mer. Au centre du bassin se trouve « l’île aux oiseaux » et ses cabanes tchanquées.
En plus de recevoir à La Hume de l’eau en provenance du lac de Cazaux (via le canal de Cazaux), à Lège celle venant du lac de Lacanau (via le canal des Étangs) et sur tout son pourtour des eaux de ruissellement via plusieurs ruisseaux ou quelques crastes, le Bassin est aussi alimenté en eau douce par l’Eyre. Ce petit fleuve côtier de 80 km de long, issu de la forêt des landes, est à l’origine de la formation du bassin d’Arcachon. En apportant un flux continu d’eau, il contribue à empêcher l’obstruction des passes par les sables venus de l’océan.
L’ouverture sur l’océan Atlantique se fait par un accès unique, les « passes », un ensemble de chenaux d’environ trois kilomètres de large permettant la circulation de l’eau entre le bassin et l’océan. La force des courants de flux et de reflux rendent délicats les franchissements de ces passes, surtout aux marées de grands coefficients pour la navigation ; des accidents mortels de marins expérimentés sont régulièrement constatés. La localisation et la structure des passes suivent une évolution cyclique dont la période est d’environ 80 ans : les passes sont en fait deux chenaux grosso modo parallèles (la Passe sud et la Passe nord) dont le tracé se déplace en direction du sud-est (du Cap-Ferret vers la dune du Pilat). Quand la passe la plus au sud atteint la plage au pied de la dune, elle se rétrécit puis « disparait » alors qu’une nouvelle passe se forme vers le nord, du côté du Cap, transformant ainsi l’ancienne « Passe nord » en une nouvelle « Passe sud ». Le balisage (bouées de navigation) est sans cesse corrigé et les cartes marines nécessitent une mise à jour permanente.
Le bassin d’Arcachon jouit d’un climat doux avec un ensoleillement important tout au long de l’année (2 100 heures en moyenne sur le bassin). Les hivers y sont pluvieux mais rarement rigoureux. Il neige toutefois une ou deux fois par an en général. En revanche, les tempêtes d’automne et d’hiver soufflent souvent avec force sur le bassin, rendant les passes impraticables. On a relevé plus de 170 km/h lors du passage des tempêtes Klaus en 2009 et Martin en 1999.
Les étés y sont secs et chauds, et rarement caniculaires. La brise thermique se lève en effet souvent l’après-midi, les épisodes de fortes chaleurs ayant du mal à persister dans la durée. De violents orages venus du golfe de Gascogne touchent épisodiquement le bassin (juin 1987, juillet 2003, septembre 2004), occasionnant parfois d’importants dégâts.
Les températures maximales moyennes varient de 11 ou 12 °C en hiver à 25 ou 26 °C l’été. La température de la mer dans le bassin est de 13 ou 14 °C alors qu’elle est en moyenne de 10 ou 11 °C dans l’océan en hiver. En été, le bassin se réchauffe pour atteindre jusqu’à 22 ou 23 °C alors qu’elle atteint 19 à 21 °C sur l’Atlantique.
La pluviométrie moyenne varie de 800 mm au Cap-Ferret à près de 1000 mm à Cazaux.
The Arcachon Basin ( Laca of Arcaishon in Gascon ) is a mésotidale lagoon in the Landes de Gascogne, in Gironde, between the cities of La Teste -de- Buch south , Lege -Cap- Ferret in the west and Leyre delta in the east. Alone interrupts the dunes 250 km from the Silver Coast , which stretches from the estuary of the Gironde to the Adour River . Unlike large Finnish lakes, it is largely open to the Atlantic Ocean via the Arcachon basin and is a small inland sea 155 km ² at high tide and 40 km ² at low tide. We practice oyster , fishing and boating .
The Arcachon Basin is part of the Pays de Buch, it is located in the heart of the Landes de Gascogne , halfway between the Pointe de Grave and Capbreton, south -west of the Gironde about fifty kilometers from Bordeaux . The basin is triangular in shape , bounded by more than 80 km of flat and wooded dune coasts. The periphery of the basin begins in the counterclockwise (CCW ) to Pyla -sur -Mer and then back north to Arcachon oblique east then south and east again at La Teste -de- Buch. It dates back to the northwest at the Delta then Leyre from Lege down southwest to Cape Ferret in front of Pyla -sur -Mer. At the center of the basin is " the bird island " and its huts on stilts .
In addition to receiving in La Hume water from Lake Cazaux (via the channel Cazaux ) Lege from the Lake Lacanau (via the channel Ponds ) and all round runoff via several streams or some crastes the Basin is also fed by freshwater Eyre. This small coastal river 80 km long, from the Landes forest is behind the formation of the Bassin d’Arcachon . Providing a continuous flow of water , it helps to prevent the obstruction passes by sand from the ocean.
The opening of the Atlantic Ocean is via a single access, "passes" , a set of channels about three kilometers wide allowing the circulation of water between the pool and the ocean. The strength of the currents ebb and flow make difficult crossings of these passes , especially large tidal coefficients for navigation and fatalities experienced sailors are regularly recorded . The location and structure of passes follow a cyclical pattern with a period of about 80 years: the passes are actually two channels roughly parallel ( South Pass and Pass north ) whose route moves south – is ( Cape Ferret to the Dune du Pyla ) . When the password southernmost reaches the beach at the foot of the dune , it shrinks then " disappear " as a new form goes to the north, the Cape side , transforming the former " North Pass " in a new " south Pass ." Markup ( navigation buoys ) is constantly corrected and charts require constant updating .
The Arcachon basin enjoys a mild climate with lots of sunshine throughout the year ( 2,100 hours on average over the basin). Winters are wet but rarely severe. However, it snows once or twice a year in general. In contrast, autumn and winter storms often blow strongly over the basin , making it impassable passes. There were more than 170 km / h when passing storm Klaus in 2009 and Martin in 1999.
Summers are hot and dry , and rarely scorching . The breeze rises indeed often the afternoon , episodes of intense heat having trouble persist over time. Violent storms from the Bay of Biscay occasionally affect the basin (June 1987 , July 2003, September 2004) , sometimes causing extensive damage .
Average maximum temperatures range from 11 or 12 ° C in winter to 25 or 26 ° C in summer . The sea temperature in the basin is 13 or 14 ° C while it is on average 10 or 11 ° C in the ocean in winter. In summer , the pool is heated to up to 22 or 23 ° C when it reaches 19-21 ° C over the Atlantic.
The average rainfall varies from 800 mm in Cap-Ferret at nearly 1000 mm in Cazaux .
Лагуна Аркашон ( Laca из Arcaishon в гасконец ) является mésotidale лагуна в Ланд де Гасконь , в Жиронды, между городами Ла- Тест-де -Бух юг, Lege- Cap-Ferret на западе и Leyre Дельта на востоке . Один прерывает дюн в 250 км от побережья серебро , которая тянется от устья Жиронды к реке Адур . В отличие от крупных финских озер , это в значительной степени открыты для Атлантического океана через бассейне Аркашон и небольшой внутреннее море в 155 км ² в приливе и 40 км ² во время отлива. Мы практикуем устрицы , рыбалка и катание на лодках .
Лагуна Аркашон является частьюPays -де-Бух , он расположен в самом центре Ланд де Гасконь , на полпути между Пуэнт-де- Граве и Капбретон , к юго- западу от Жиронды около пятидесяти километрах от Бордо . Бассейн имеет форму треугольника , ограниченная более чем 80 км от плоских и лесистые дюны побережья. Периферия бассейна начинается в направлении против часовой стрелки ( CCW ) , чтобы Пила -сюр-Мер , а затем обратно на север, чтобы Аркашон косой восточное, затем на юг и восток снова в Ла Тест-де -Бух . Она восходит на северо-запад в Дельте затем Leyre от Lege вниз к юго-западу до мыса Ferret перед Пила -сюр-Мер . В центре бассейна находится " птица остров » и его хижины на сваях .
В дополнение к получению в Ла Hume воды из озера Cazaux ( через канал Cazaux ) Lege от озера Lacanau ( через канал прудах ) , и все вокруг стока через несколько потоков или некоторые crastesбассейна подают также пресноводных Эйр . Это небольшой прибрежный река 80 км, от леса Ланды стоит за формирование Аркашон . Обеспечение непрерывного потока воды , она помогает предотвратить препятствие проходы песком от океана.
Открытие Атлантического океана через одного доступа, " пропусков" , набор каналов около трех километров в ширину , позволяющих циркуляции воды между бассейном и океаном . Сила токов приливы и отливы принимать трудные переходы этих проходов , особенно большие приливные коэффициенты для навигации и погибших опытные моряки регулярно регистрируются. Расположение и структура проходов следовать цикличность с периодом около 80 лет : перевалы на самом деле два канала примерно параллельно (Южная пропусков и Pass север ), чьи маршрут движется на юго- является (мыс Ферре к Dune дю Пила ) . Если пароль южный достигает пляж у подножия дюны, она сжимается , то «исчезают» , как новая форма идет на север, в сторону мыса , превращая бывшего «Северный Pass" в новый " Южная Пасс . " Разметки ( навигационные буи ) постоянно корректируется и графики требуют постоянного обновления .
В бассейне Аркашон имеет мягкий климат с большим количеством солнечного света в течение года ( 2100 часов в среднем по бассейну ). Зимы влажным, но редко тяжелой. Тем не менее, идет снег один или два раза в год в целом. В отличие от этого, осенью и зимой штормы часто дуют сильно по бассейну , что делает его непроходимые перевалы . Были более 170 км / ч при прохождении шторма Клаус в 2009 году и Мартин в 1999 году.
Лето жаркое и сухое, и редко палящее . Ветерок поднимается действительно часто во второй половине дня , эпизоды интенсивного тепла возникли проблемы сохраняются в течение долгого времени . Сильные штормы от Бискайского залива иногда повлиять бассейна (июнь 1987 , июль 2003 , сентябрь 2004 г.) , что иногда приводит к серьезным повреждениям .
Средняя максимальная температура колеблется от 11 или 12 ° С зимой до 25 или 26 ° C в летнее время. Температура воды в море в бассейне составляет 13 или 14 ° С, а это в среднем 10 или 11 ° С в океане зимой. Летом бассейн нагревается до до 22 или 23 ° С , когда он достигает 19-21 ° С над Атлантикой .
Среднее количество осадков колеблется от 800 мм в Cap-Ferret почти в 1000 мм в Cazaux .
La cuenca de Arcachon ( Laca de Arcaishon en gascón ) es una laguna mésotidale en las Landas de Gascogne , en Gironde , entre las ciudades de La Teste -de- Buch sur , Lege -Cap -Ferret , en el oeste y Leyre Delta en el este. Interrumpe solo las dunas de 250 kilometros de la Costa de Plata , que se extiende desde el estuario de la Gironda hasta el río Adour. A diferencia de los grandes lagos de Finlandia , es en gran parte abierta al Océano Atlántico a través de la cuenca de Arcachon y es un pequeño mar 155 kilometros ² tierra adentro con la marea alta ya 40 km ² en la marea baja . Practicamos la ostra , la pesca y la navegación.
La cuenca de Arcachon es parte del Pays -de-Buch , se encuentra en el corazón de las Landas de Gascuña , a medio camino entre la Pointe de Grave y Capbreton , al sur- oeste de la Gironde a unos cincuenta kilómetros de Burdeos . La cuenca es de forma triangular , delimitada por más de 80 km de costas de dunas planas y boscosas. La periferia de la cuenca comienza en el sentido antihorario ( CCW) a Pyla -sur- Mer y luego de vuelta al norte de Arcachon oblicua al este y luego al sur y al este de nuevo en La Teste -de- Buch . Su origen se remonta hacia el noroeste en el delta del Leyre luego de Lege abajo suroeste de Cabo Ferret delante de Pyla -sur -Mer. En el centro de la cuenca es " la isla de los pájaros " y sus chozas sobre pilotes .
Además de recibir en el agua del lago de La Hume Cazaux (a través del canal de Cazaux ) Lege del lago de Lacanau ( a través del canal Estanques ) y toda la escorrentía a través de todo el varios arroyos o algunos Crastes la cuenca también es alimentada por agua dulce Eyre. Este pequeño río costero longitud de 80 km , desde el bosque de las Landas se encuentra detrás de la formación de la Bassin d’ Arcachon. Proporcionar un flujo continuo de agua , ayuda a evitar que los pases de obstrucción por arena del océano.
La apertura del Océano Atlántico es a través de un único acceso , "pasa" , un conjunto de canales a unos tres kilómetros de ancho que permiten la circulación del agua entre la piscina y el océano. La fuerza de las corrientes de flujo y reflujo de realizar travesías difíciles de estos pases , especialmente grandes coeficientes de mareas para la navegación y muertes experimentados marineros se registran con regularidad. La ubicación y la estructura de pases siguen un patrón cíclico con un período de unos 80 años : los pases son en realidad dos canales más o menos paralelo ( South Pass y Pass norte) cuyo trazado se desplaza al sur – es (Cabo Ferret a la Dune du Pyla ) . Cuando la más meridional contraseña llega a la playa a los pies de la duna , se contrae y luego " desaparecer " como una nueva forma va al norte, al lado del Cabo, la transformación de la antigua " North Pass " en un nuevo " paso del Sur . " Marcado ( boyas de navegación ) está constantemente corregido y gráficos requiere una constante actualización .
La cuenca de Arcachon goza de un clima templado, con mucho sol durante todo el año ( 2.100 horas de media a lo largo de la cuenca ) . Los inviernos son húmedos , pero rara vez es grave . Sin embargo , nieva una o dos veces al año en general. Por el contrario , las tormentas de otoño e invierno suelen soplar con fuerza en la cuenca , por lo que pasa a intransitables . Hubo más de 170 km / h cuando pasa la tormenta Klaus en 2009 y Martin en 1999.
Los veranos son calurosos y secos , y rara vez abrasador . La brisa se levanta de hecho a menudo por la tarde , los episodios de calor intenso teniendo problemas persisten en el tiempo . Las tormentas violentas desde el Golfo de Vizcaya en ocasiones afectan a la cuenca (junio de 1987 , julio de 2003 , septiembre de 2004 ) , a veces causando grandes daños.
Las temperaturas medias máximas oscilan entre 11 y 12 ° C en invierno y los 25 o 26 ° C en verano. La temperatura del mar en la cuenca es de 13 o 14 ° C mientras que es en promedio de 10 o 11 ° C en el océano en invierno. En verano, la piscina se calienta a un máximo de 22 o 23 ° C cuando llega a 19-21 ° C por encima del Atlántico.
La precipitación media varía de 800 mm en Cap -Ferret en casi 1.000 mm en Cazaux .
Das Becken von Arcachon ( Laca von Arcaishon in der Gascogne ) ist ein mésotidale Lagune in der Landes de Gascogne , in Gironde, zwischen den Städten La Teste -de-Buch Süden, Lege-Cap -Ferret im Westen und Leyre Delta im Osten. Alleine unterbricht den Dünen 250 km von der Silberküste , die von der Mündung der Gironde , um Fluss Adour erstreckt . Im Gegensatz zu großen finnischen Seen , ist es über das Becken von Arcachon weitgehend auf den Atlantik offen und ist ein kleines Binnenmeer 155 km ² bei Flut und 40 km ² bei Ebbe. Wir üben Auster, Angeln und Bootfahren .
Das Becken von Arcachon ist Teil des Pays de Buch , wird es in den Herzen der Landes de Gascogne , auf halbem Weg zwischen der Pointe de Grave und Capbreton, süd-westlich von der Gironde etwa fünfzig Kilometer von Bordeaux . Das Becken ist in Form dreieckig, um mehr als 80 km von flachen und bewaldeten Düne Küsten begrenzt . Der Rand des Beckens beginnt im Uhrzeigersinn ( CCW) zu Pyla-sur- Mer und dann wieder nach Norden bis Arcachon schräge Osten dann nach Süden und Osten wieder in La Teste- de-Buch . Es stammt aus dem Nordwesten an der Delta Leyre dann von Südwesten nach unten Lege Cap Ferret vor Pyla- sur-Mer. In der Mitte des Beckens ist die " Vogelinsel " und seine Hütten auf Stelzen.
Neben dem Empfang von La Hume Wasser vom See Cazaux ( über den Kanal Cazaux ) Lege aus dem See von Lacanau ( über den Kanal Teiche ) und aller Stichwahl über mehrere Streams oder einige Crastes das Becken wird auch von Süßwasser Eyre zugeführt. Das kleine Küsten Fluss 80 km lang, von der Landes-Wald hinter der Bildung des Bassin d’ Arcachon . Die Bereitstellung einer kontinuierlichen Fluss von Wasser, hilft es, die Behinderung Pässe von Sand aus dem Meer zu verhindern.
Die Öffnung des Atlantischen Ozeans ist über einen einzigen Zugang , " Pässe" , einer Reihe von Kanälen etwa drei Kilometer breit so dass die Zirkulation des Wassers zwischen dem Pool und dem Meer. Die Stärke der Ströme, Ebbe und Flut erschweren Kreuzungen dieser Pässe , vor allem große Gezeitenkoeffizientenfür die Navigation und Todesfälle erfahrene Seeleute regelmäßig erfasst . Die Lage und Struktur der Durchgänge folgen einem zyklischen Muster mit einer Periode von etwa 80 Jahre: die Pässe sind eigentlich zwei Kanäle in etwa parallel ( South Pass und Pass nördlich ), deren Route bewegt sich nach Süden ist ( Cap Ferret an der Dune du Pyla ) . Wenn das Passwort südlichsten den Strand am Fuß der Düne erreicht, schrumpft es dann "verschwinden" als eine neue Form geht in den Norden, dem Cape Seite , die Umwandlung der ehemaligen "Nordpass " in eine neue " South Pass . " Markup ( Navigationsbojen ) ständig korrigiert und Diagramme erfordern ständige Aktualisierung .
Das Becken von Arcachon genießt ein mildes Klima mit viel Sonnenschein das ganze Jahr ( 2100 Stunden im Durchschnitt des Beckens ) . Die Winter sind nass, aber selten schwerwiegend . Einmal oder zweimal im Jahr jedoch schneit es im Allgemeinen. Im Gegensatz , Herbst und Winterstürme stark wehen oft über das Becken , so dass es Pässe unpassierbar . Es waren mehr als 170 km / h beim Passieren Sturm Klaus im Jahr 2009 und Martin im Jahr 1999.
Die Sommer sind heiß und trocken, und nur selten seng . Der Wind steigt zwar oft den Nachmittag , Episoden der intensiven Hitze Probleme über die Zeit hinweg . Heftige Stürme aus dem Golf von Biskaya gelegentlich auch das Becken ( Juni 1987 Juli 2003 September 2004) , manchmal verursachen umfangreiche Schäden .
Durchschnittshöchsttemperaturenreichen von 11 oder 12 ° C im Winter und 25 oder 26 ° C im Sommer. Die Wassertemperatur im Becken ist 13 oder 14 ° C , während es im Durchschnitt 10 oder 11 ° C im Meer im Winter. Im Sommer ist der Pool auf bis zu 22 oder 23 ° C erhitzt , wenn es von 19 bis 21 ° C über den Atlantik erreicht .
Die durchschnittliche Niederschlagsmenge variiert von 800 mm in Cap -Ferret auf fast 1000 mm in Cazaux .
Il bacino di Arcachon ( Laca di Arcaishon in guascone ) è una laguna mésotidale nel Landes de Gascogne , in Gironda , tra le città di La Teste – de – Buch sud , Lege – Cap- Ferret a ovest e Leyre Delta a est . Interrompe solo le dune 250 chilometri dalla Costa d’Argento , che si estende dalla foce della Gironda al fiume Adour . A differenza dei grandi laghi finlandesi , è in gran parte aperto verso l’Oceano Atlantico attraverso il bacino di Arcachon ed è un piccolo mare interno 155 km ² con l’alta marea e 40 km ² con la bassa marea . Pratichiamo ostriche , pesca e nautica .
Il bacino di Arcachon fa parte del Pays de Buch , si trova nel cuore delle Landes de Gascogne , a metà strada tra la Pointe de Grave e Capbreton , sud-ovest della Gironda a circa 50 km da Bordeaux . Il bacino è di forma triangolare, delimitata da oltre 80 km di coste duna piatta e boscosa . La periferia del bacino inizia nel antiorario ( CCW ) per Pyla – sur -Mer e poi di nuovo a nord verso obliquo Arcachon est poi a sud e ad est di nuovo a La Teste- de – Buch . Risale al nord-ovest al Delta poi Leyre da Lege giù a sud ovest di Cape Ferret di fronte a Pyla – sur -Mer . Al centro del bacino è " l’isola degli uccelli " e le sue capanne su palafitte .
Oltre a ricevere in acqua La Hume dal lago di Cazaux ( tramite il canale di Cazaux ) Lege dal Lago di Lacanau ( tramite il canale Stagni ) e tutti deflusso tondo via diversi flussi o qualche Crastes il bacino è anche alimentate da acqua dolce Eyre . Questo piccolo fiume costiero lungo 80 km , dalla foresta delle Landes è dietro la formazione del Bassin d’ Arcachon . Fornire un flusso continuo di acqua , aiuta a prevenire i passi ostruzione da sabbia dal mare .
L’apertura dell’Oceano Atlantico è tramite un unico accesso , "passa" , una serie di canali a circa tre chilometri che consentono ampia la circolazione dell’acqua tra la piscina e l’oceano . La forza delle correnti di flusso e riflusso fare incroci difficili di questi passaggi, particolarmente grandi coefficienti di marea per la navigazione e decessi esperti marinai sono regolarmente registrati . La posizione e la struttura delle passate seguono un andamento ciclico con un periodo di circa 80 anni : i passi sono in realtà due canali approssimativamente parallelo ( South Pass e passare a nord ), il cui percorso si muove sud- è ( Cape Ferret alla Dune du Pyla ) . Quando la più meridionale della password raggiunge la spiaggia al piede della duna , si restringe poi " sparire" come una nuova forma va a nord, la parte del Capo , trasformando l’ex "North Pass" in un nuovo " South Pass . " Markup ( boe di navigazione ) è costantemente corretto e grafici richiedono un costante aggiornamento .
Il bacino di Arcachon gode di un clima mite, con un sacco di sole durante tutto l’anno ( 2100 ore in media al di sopra del bacino ) . Gli inverni sono bagnati ma non grave . Tuttavia , nevica una volta o due volte all’anno in generale. Al contrario , autunno e inverno spesso le tempeste soffiano con forza sul bacino , rendendo passaggi impraticabili . C’erano più di 170 chilometri all’ora quando passa la tempesta Klaus nel 2009 e Martin nel 1999.
Le estati sono calde e secche , e raramente cocente . La brezza si alza infatti spesso il pomeriggio , episodi di intenso calore ad avere problemi persistono nel tempo . Violente tempeste del Golfo di Biscaglia influiscono tanto in tanto il bacino (giugno 1987 , luglio 2003 , settembre 2004) , a volte causando ingenti danni .
Temperature medie massime variano da 11 o 12 ° C in inverno a 25 o 26 ° C in estate . La temperatura del mare nel bacino è 13 o 14 ° C mentre è in media 10 o 11 ° C nel mare in inverno . In estate , la piscina viene riscaldata fino a 22 o 23 ° C quando raggiunge 19-21 ° C sopra l’Atlantico .
La piovosità media varia da 800 mm di Cap – Ferret a quasi 1.000 millimetri in Cazaux .
阿尔卡雄盆地（ Arcaishon在加斯科涅的拉卡）在兰德斯日加斯科涅，在吉伦特省一mésotidale泻湖，拉特斯特-DE-布赫的南方城市之间，编了个-CAP -鼬在西部和莱尔三角洲的东部。单独中断沙丘从银色海岸，一直延伸从吉伦特河口至阿杜尔河250公里。不像大的芬兰的湖泊，它在很大程度上是通过阿尔卡雄盆地大西洋开放，是一个小型的内陆海155公里²在涨潮和40平方公里退潮。我们的做法牡蛎，钓鱼和划船。
阿尔卡雄盆地的支付de布赫，它位于兰德斯日加斯科涅的心脏地带，介于足尖去坟墓和卡布勒通，西南部吉伦特省波尔多大约五十公里的部分之间。盆地呈三角形，由平面和树木繁茂的海岸沙丘超过80 km，有界的。盆地边缘的逆时针（CCW ）开始皮拉- sur-Mer中，然后回到北斜阿尔卡然后向东南面和东面再次拉特斯特-DE-布赫。它的历史可以追溯到在西北三角洲然后莱尔从使了个下来西南海角鼬皮拉- sur-Mer中的前面。在盆地的中央是“鸟岛”及其小屋高跷。
除了从湖卡佐（通过通道卡佐）从湖拉卡诺使了个通过接收在La休谟水（通过通道池塘）和所有轮投票几个流或某些crastes盆地也由淡水爱喂养。这个沿海小河流长80公里，从兰德斯森林的背后是BASSIN德阿尔卡雄的形成。提供的水的连续流动，它有助于防止阻塞通行证的砂从海洋中。
大西洋的开放是通过一个单一的访问， “通行证” ，一套约三公里宽，允许水的游泳池和大海之间的流通渠道等。电流的强度潮起潮落使这些通行证的困难口岸，用于导航和死亡人数尤其是大型潮汐系数，经验丰富的水手们会定期记录。传球的位置和结构遵循一个循环模式，周期为约80年：通行证实际上是两个渠道大致平行的（南经过，经过北），其路线向南移动，是（开鼬的杜皮拉沙丘） 。当密码最南端到达海滩上的沙丘脚下，它缩小，然后“消失”作为一种新的形式去北方，海角边，在改造前“北通”一个新的“南津关。 ”标记（导航浮标）是不断修正和图表需要不断更新。
阿尔卡雄盆地享有温和的气候，充足的阳光一年四季（2,100小时平均值盆地） 。温特斯是湿的，但很少严重。然而，在一般下雪一次或两次。相比之下，秋，冬季风暴往往强烈吹向盆地，使其不可逾越的通行证。在1999年通过的风暴克劳斯在2009年和马丁当时有170多公里/小时
夏季炎热干燥，很少灼人。微风的确经常升起下午，有强烈的热麻烦发作持续一段时间。从比斯开湾猛烈的风暴偶尔会影响到盆地（ 1987年6月2003年7月2004年9月） ，有时会造成广泛的破坏。
平均最高气温在11或12 ℃，冬季，夏季25或26 °C 。海温盆地是13或14 ℃，同时平均为10或11 ℃，冬季海洋。在夏季，泳池加热到高达22或23℃时达到19-21 °C在大西洋上空。
年平均降雨量800毫米，灯头鼬在近1000毫米的卡佐变化。